TITLE
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A History of the Arab Peoples. Hourani, Albert; New York: Warner Books, 1991.
An Analysis of the Hadith. Morey, Robert. Austin, Tex.: Research Education Foundation, 1992.
Answering Islam. Geisler, Norman L. and Abduk Saleeb; Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1993.
The Arabs in History.Lewis, Bernard; New York: Hutchinson University Library, 1966.
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Beyond the Mosque. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1985.
Bridges to Islam. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1983.
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The Call of the Minaret. Cragg, Kenneth; New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Christian Reply to Muslim Objections. St. Clair-Tisdall, W. Villach, Austria: Light of Life, 1980.
The Cross in the Gospel and the Quran. Jadeed, Iskander; Rikon: The Good Way, 1969.
The Crucifixion of Christ: Fact or Fiction. Gilchrist, John; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d.
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Dialogue and Interfaith Witness with Muslims. Register, Ray. Kingsport, Tenn.: Moody Books Inc., 1979.
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Evidence that Demands a Verdict. McDowell, Josh; Arrowhead Springs: Campus Crusade for Christ, 1978.
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The Fallen Nature of Man in Islam and Christianity. Shahid, Samuel. Colorado Springs: al-Nur Publications, 1991.
From Beirut to Jerusalem. Friedman, Thomas L.; New York: Doubleday, 1990.
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God Has Ninety-Nine Names: Reporting from a Militant Middle East. Miller, Judith New York: Touchstone, 1996.
The Great Deception: How Muhammad Tried to Win the Christians for Islam. al-Masih, Abd; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d.
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The Historical Reliability of the Gospel. Blomberg, Craig; Downer's Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1987.
The Holy Qur'an: Translation and Commentary. Ali, A. Yusuf; Damascus: Ouloom Al-Qur'an, 1934.
I
Inside the Community: Understanding Muslims Through Their Traditions. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1994.
Is the Bible God's Word? Deedat, Ahmed; South Africa, 6th printing, 1987.
Is the Qur'an Infallible? Abd al-Fadi, Abdallah; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d.
Islam. Farah, Caesar E.; Hauppauge, New York: Barron's, 1994.
Islam and War: A Study in Comparative Ethics, the Gulf War and Beyond. Kelsay, John; Louisville: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1993.
Islam in History. Lewis, Bernard; New York: The Library Press, 1973.
Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics, and Power. Braswell, George W. Jr.; Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1996.
Islam Revealed: A Christian Arab's View of Islam. Shorrosh, Anis A. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1988.
J
Jesus and Christian Origins Outside the New Testament. Bruce, F. F.; Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1974.
Jesus and the Muslim: An Exploration. Cragg, Kenneth; London: George Allen & Unwin, 1985.
Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Peters, F. E. 3 vols. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1990.
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L
The Life and Times of Muhammad. Glubb, John; New York: Stein and Day, 1971.
The Life of Muhammad. Guillaume, A.; London: Oxford University Press, 1955.
M
The Middle East: A Brief History of the Last 2,000 Years. Lewis, Bernard; New York: Scribner, 1995.
A Middle East Mosaic. Lewis, Bernard; New York: Random House, 2000.
Mohammedanism: An Historical Survey.Gibb, H. A. R.; London: Oxford University Press, 1949.
The Moslem Christ. Zwemer, Samuel M. Edinburgh and London: Oliphant, Anderson and Ferrier, 1912.
The Moslem Doctrine of God. Zwemer, Samuel M. American Tract Society, 1905.
Muhammad and the Christian. Cragg, Kenneth; London: Darton, Longman and Todd, 1984.
Muhammad at Mecca. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Muhammad at Medina. Watt, W. Montgomery. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1956.
Muhammad, Prophet and Statesman. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Muslims and Christians on the Emmaus Road. Woodberry, J. Dudley., ed. Monrovia: MARC, 1989.
Muslim-Christian Encounters. Watt, W. Montgomery. London: Routledge, 1991.
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New Paths in Muslim Evangelism. Parshall, Phil. Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1980.
The New Testament Documents. Bruce, F. F.; London: InterVarsity and Tyndale Press, 1960.
O
The Origin of Islam in its Christian Environment. Bell, Richard; London: Frank Cass & Co., Ltd., 1968.
The Origins of the Koran. Warraq, Ibn. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books, 1998.
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Sahih of al-Bukhari, Bukhari, Muhammad Ibn Ismail; trans. Muhammad Muhsin Khan. New Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1984.
Salvation Through Repentance, Abu Ameeneh, Bilal Philips; Riyadh: Tawheed Publications, 1990
Sharing Your Faith with a Muslim. Abdul-Haqq, Abdiyah Akbar; Minneapolis: Bethany House Publishers, 1980.
Sin and Atonement in Islam and Christianity. Jadeed, Iskander; Rikon: The Good Way, 1979.
The Sources of Islam. W. St. Clair-Tisdall, Edinburgh, Scotland: T&T Clark, n.d.
T
The Textual History of the Qur'an and the Bible. Gilchrist, John; Villach, Austria: Light of Life, 1988.
U
The Unseen Face of Islam. Musk, Bill. Great Britain: Monarch Publications, 1989.
V
The Verdict of History. Habermas, Gary R.; Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1982.
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Was Christ Really Crucified? al-Qayrawani; Faris. Villach, Austria: Light of Life, n.d.
What You Need to Know About Islam & Muslims. Braswell, George W. Jr.; Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 2000.
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ABRAHAM - Father of the three great religions of the world: Judaism, Christianity and Islam ABU BAKHR / ABU BAKR– the first Caliph and successor to Muhammad ADHAN– call to prayer AHL AL-KITAB – “People of the Book.” Qur’anic reference to Christians, Jews, Sabaeans and Zoroastrians. AL-ADHA– “sacrifices.” Also a feast holiday on the Muslim calendar. ALI – cousin of Muhammad revered by Shi’ites. ALIM – a recognized scholar of the Qur’an and hadith. ALLAH – “the God.” Arabic name for God. ALLAHU AKHBAR – “God is great.” AL-WAHHAB – founder of the Wahhabis which led to the creation of the Saudi state in Arabia AYAT – lit., “sign.” A verse in the Qur’an. BISMILLAH – “In the name of God.” CALIPH – “successor.” A title given to the rulers of the Muslim community who succeeded Muhammad. DHIKR – “recollection (of God)” DIN – “religion” FARD – religious duty FATIMA – daughter of Muhammad FATWA – legal opinion FIQH – “understanding.” The science of legal interpretation. GABRIEL – the angel who revealed the Qur’an to Muhammad HADITH – lit., “new.” Reports of the words and deeds of Muhammad. There exist various notable collections of hadith, such as al-Muwatta, al-Tirmidhi, Sahih al-Bukhari, and Sahih Muslim. HAJJ – pilgrimage to Mecca HANAFIS – a school of law named for Abu Hanif HANBALIS – a school of law named for Ibn Hanbal HAQQ - TRUTHHEGIRA – “migration.” The flight of Muhammad in 622 AD to Medina to escape persecution in Mecca. This event marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar. HEZBOLLAH – the “Party of Allah.” Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem HOLY WAR – “jihad.” The act of striving to preserve or impose the religion of God. ID AL-FITR – feast at the end of Ramadan IFTAR – breaking of the fast after sunset IHRAM – cloth worn by the pilgrim to Mecca IJMA– consensus of the scholars IMAM– a Muslim religious leader INJIL– Arabic title for the holy book given to Jesus. INTIFADA - “awakening,” or “uprising” ISLAM – “surrender” ISNAD – the chain of authority of hadith JIHAD – “to strive for the faith.” Commonly referred to as a holy war to preserve or impose God’s religion. JINN– spirits JIZYA– poll tax judgment: heaven and hell KA'BA – lit., “square.” The holiest shrine in Islam, located in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. A structure believed by Muslims to have been built by Abraham, and is the focus of the annual pilgrimage of all Muslims. KHADIJA – first wife of Muhammad KHARAJ – land tax KHUTBA – sermon during the Friday prayer MADHHAB – religious-legal school MADRASA – “school” MAHDI – “the rightly guided one” who will appear before the Last Judgment MALIKIS – a school of law named for Malik ibn Anas Mary, mother of Jesus MASJID – mosque. The common place of prayer. MATN – text of hadithMecca – The birthplace of Muhammad. It is the holiest city in Islam, and is where the Ka’ba is located. Medina – The city 260 miles north of Mecca, where Muhammad took refuge in 622 AD. Muhammad built the first mosque in Medina and was buried there. MIHRAB – niche in a mosque showing the direction of Mecca MINARET – tower from which the call to prayer is made MINBAR – pulpit used for the Friday sermon MOSQUE – The common place of prayer MU'AWIYA – The Muslim leader who forced Ali out of the Caliphate. This began the division in Islam, with Mu’awiya leading the Sunni sect. mufti – legal scholar MUTA – temporary marriage pilgrimage (hajj) QADAR – “destiny” QADI– religious judge QIYAS – “analogy” QUR'AN – “recite.” The book that was revealed to Muhammad and is the basis of the Islamic faith. QURAYSH – the tribe from which Muhammad came. RAKA – bodily positions in ritual prayer RAMADAN – The month of fasting for Muslims, during which all Muslims who are able should abstain abstain from eating, smoking, sexual intercourse and other forms of self-indulgence during daylight hours. RAY – “opinion” RIBA – usury SAHIH – a “sound” HADITH SALADIN (or, Salah al-Din) – Defeated the Crusader army in 1187 during the Third Crusade, returning Jerusalem to Islamic rule. SALAT– the prayer that is practiced by Muslims five times a day. SAWM– the fast during the month of Ramadan. During this month a Muslim should abstain from eating, smoking, sexual intercourse and other forms of self-indulgence during daylight hours. SHAFI'I – intercessor on Judgment Day SHAFI'IS – a school of law named for al- SHAFISHAHADA – “confession.” The Muslim’s testimony that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is his messanger. SHARI'A – “law.” Islamic law that governs daily life. SHARIF – “noble” SHI'AT ALI – “Party of Ali.” Shai’, or Shi’ite sect of Islam. SHI'ITE – “followers.” The name of the sect that followed Ali after Mu’awiya forced him from the Caliphate. SHIRK – the sin of blasphemy against God SHURA - council SIRAT – bridge over hell to be crossed at the Last Judgment SUFI – A Muslim mystic. SUFISM – A mystic sect of Islam. SUNNA – “tradition.” The deeds of Muhammad that serve as the example followed by the Sunni community. SUNNI – “followers of the path.” The name of the sect who followed Mu’awiya after he forced Ali from the Caliphate. SURA – A chapter of the Qur’an. There are 114 suras. TAHAJUD – night prayer TALAQ – divorce TARAWIH – prayers offered after the breaking of fast of Ramadan TARIQA – “path” TASFIR – Exegesis of the Qur’an. TASIN – beginning of sura TAWRAT – Arabic title for the Torah. TILAWAT – recitation of the Qur’an ULAMA– legal scholars Umayyad/Umayyads UMMA – the Muslim community URF – customary law UTHMAN - Uthman ibn ‘Affan was chosen as the third Caliph in 644. Wahhabis WAHID – “one” WAQF – a foundation or trust given for the establishment of charity or education. WUDU - ablution ZABUR – Arabic title for the Psalms of David. ZAKAT – almsgiving